CLASS 8 SST

Chapter 5 Industries Notes Class 8 Geography|Class 8 Geography Notes

by

This post has discussed the chapter 5 Industries Notes Class 8 Geography which is a part Class 8 SST.Class 8 Geography Industries Notes has covered all topics as per the latest syllabus of Class 8 Social Science.It would be very helpful for the students to be prepared completely.

Class 8 Geography Chapter 5 Industries Notes

Notes of Class 8 Geography of Character 5 Industries has covered topics like secondary activities, types of industries and their criteria, industrial regions, industrial system, distribution of industries,iron and steel industry, textiles industry and information technology industries etc.

Chapter 5 Industries Notes Class 8 SST

Secondary Activities

Secondary activities or manufacturing refers to those activities that change raw materials into products of more value to people.Industry Industry refers to an economic activity that is concerned with production of goods, extraction of minerals or the provision of services.

•Iron and steel industry (production of goods)

•coal mining Industry (extraction of coal)

•tourism industry (service provider)

Classification of Industries

Industries can be classified on the basis of

•Raw materials– agro based, mineral based, marine based and forest based

Agro based industries: These industries use plant and animal based products as their raw materials. Food processing, vegetable oil, cotton textile etc are agro based.

Mineral based industries

Mineral based industries are primary industries that use mineral ores as their raw materials. The products of these industries feed other industries.

Marine based industries

These industries use products from the sea and oceans as raw materials. Industries processing sea food or manufacturing fish oil are some examples.

Forest based industries

These industries utilise forest produce as raw materials. The industries associated with forests are pulp and paper, pharmaceuticals, furniture and buildings.

•Size –

Small scale industries and large scale industries

Small scale and large scale Industries are different on the basis of capital invested, number of people employed and volume of production.

Small Scale industries

Those industries where the products are manufactured by hand, by the artisans. basket weaving, pottery and other handicrafts are examples of cottage industry.

Large scale industries

Investment of capital is higher and the technology used is superior in large scale industries. Silk weaving and food processing industries are small scale industries Eg: production of automobiles and heavy machinery are large scale industries.

Ownership–

Public sector, Private sector, Joint sector and Cooperatives sector

Private sector industries

These are owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals. Eg- Reliance Industries

Public sector Industries

These are owned and operated by the government, such as Hindustan Aeronautics Limited.

Joint sector Industries

These are owned and operated by the state and individuals or a group of individuals. eg- Maruti Udyog Limited

Co-operative sector industries

These are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. Anand Milk Union Limited

Factors affecting location of industries

The factors affecting the location of industries are the availability of raw material, land, water, labour, power, capital, transport and market. Industries are situated where some or all of these factors are easily available.

Industrial System

An industrial system consists of inputs, processes and outputs.

•The inputs are the raw materials, labour and costs of land, transport, power and other infrastructure.

•The processes include a wide range of activities that convert the raw material into finished products.

•The outputs are the end product

Industrial Regions

Industrial regions develop when a number of industries locate close to each other and share the benefits of their closeness.India has several industrial regions like

•Mumbai-Pune cluster

•Bangalore-Tamil Nadu region

•Hugli region

•Ahmedabad-Baroda region

• Chottanagpur industrial belt

•Vishakhapatnam-Guntur belt

•Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut region

•Kollam-Thiruvanathapuram industrial cluster.

Industrial Disaster

In industries, accidents/disasters mainly occur due to technical failure or irresponsible handling of hazardous material.

Bhopal Gas Tragedy

This industrial disaster occurred on 3 December 1984 in which highly poisonous Methyl Isocyanate (MIC) gas along with Hydrogen Cyanide and other reaction products leaked out of the pesticide factory of Union Carbide. Those who survived still suffer from one or many ailments like blindness, impaired immune system, gastrointestinal disorders, etc.

Risk Reduction Measures

1.Densely populated residential areas should be separated far away from the industrial areas.

2.People staying in the vicinity of industries should be aware of athe storage of toxins or hazardous substances and their possible effects in case if an accident occurs.

3.Fire warning and fighting system should be improved.

4.Storage capacity of toxic substances should be limited.

5.Pollution dispersion qualities in the industries should be improved.

Emerging Industries

These industries are also known as ‘Sunrise industries.These include Information Technology, Wellness, Hospitality and Knowledge.

Distribution of Major Industries

Major industries are

•the iron and steel Industry

•the textile industry and

•the information Technology industry.

Older Industries – The iron and steel and textile Industry

Emerging Industries– information Technology and Tourism Industry

Iron and steel industry in world

Germany, USA, China, Japan and Russia

Textile industry is concentrated in India, Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan and Taiwan

Information technology industries

Silicon valley of Central California and the Bangalore region of India.

Iron and Steel Industry

This is a feeder industry whose products are used as raw material for other industries.

Inputs– Iron ore, coal, water, limestone, capital, site and other infrastructure

Processes – Smelting and Refining

Output – Steel

Steel

•Steel is tough and it can easily be shaped, cut, or made into wire.

•A Special alloys of steel can be made by adding small amounts of other metals such as aluminium, nickel, and copper.

•Alloys give steel unusual hardness, toughness, or ability to resist rust.

Steel is often called the backbone of modern industry.

Almost everything we use is either made of iron or steel or has been made with tools and machinery of these metals.Ships, trains, trucks, and autos are made largely of steel. Even the safety pins and the needles you use are made from steel. oil wells are drilled with steel machinery. Steel pipelines transport oil. Minerals are mined with steel equipment. Farm machines are mostly steel. large buildings have steel framework.Iron and Steel Industry in India In India, iron and steel industry has developed taking advantage of raw materials, cheap labour, transport and market.

Important steel producing centres

•Bhilai, Durgapur, Burnpur, Jamshedpur, Rourkela, Bokaro are situated in a region that spreads over four states — West Bengal, Jharkhand, Odisha and Chhattisgarh.

•Bhadravati and Vijay Nagar in Karnataka

•Vishakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh

•Salem in Tamil Nadu

Jamshedpur

Before 1947, there was only one iron and steel plant in the country – Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited (TISCO).TISCO was started in 1907 at Sakchi, near the confluence of the rivers Subarnarekha and Kharkai in Jharkhand. Later on Sakchi was renamed as Jamshedpur.

Sakchi was chosen to set up the steel plant for several reasons.

•This place was only 32 km away from Kalimati station on the Bengal-Nagpur railway line.

•It was close to the iron ore, coal and manganese deposits as well as to Kolkata, which provided a large market.

•TISCO, gets coal from Jharia coalfields, and iron ore, limestone, dolomite and manganese from Odisha and Chhattisgarh.

• The Kharkai and Subarnarekha rivers ensured sufficient water supply.

•Government initiatives provided adequate capital for its later development.

Pittsburgh

•It is an important steel city of the United States of America. The steel industry at Pittsburgh

•coal is available locally, while the iron ore comes from the iron mines at Minnesota, about 1500 km from aPittsburgh.

•world’s best routes for shipping ore cheaply – the famous Great Lakes waterway.

•Trains carry the ore from the Great Lakes to the Pittsburgh area.

•The Ohio, the Monogahela and Allegheny rivers provide adequate water supply.

Chapter 5 Industries Notes Class 8 Geography

When People Rebel 1857 and After Notes|Class 8 History Notes

by

In this post, there is comprehensive discussion of all topics of chapter 5 when people rebel 1857 and after notes of class 8 history ncert.This article has explained every topic of class 8 history chapter 5 when people rebel 1857 and after notes that would be very helpful for students to understand this chapter interestingly.

Class 8 History chapter 5 When People Rebel Notes

Policies and the People

Policies of East India Company had affected people,kings,queens, peasants, landlords,tribals, soldiers in different ways and all resisted against these policies.

Nawabs lose their power

  • Since the mid-eighteenth century, nawabs and rajas gradually lost their authority and honour.
  •  Residents had been stationed in many courts to interfere in political affairs of rulers, the freedom of the rulers reduced, their armed forces disbanded by subsidiary alliance, and their revenues and territories taken away by stages.
  •  Many ruling families tried to negotiate with the Company to protect their interests however the Company, confident of its superiority and military powers, turned down these pleas.
  •  In 1801, a subsidiary alliance was imposed on Awadh, and in 1856 it was taken over in the name of misgovernment  by Dalhousie to ensure proper administration.
  • In 1849, Governor-general Lord Dalhousie announced that after the death of Bahadur Shah Zafar, family of king would be shifted out of Red Fort.
  • In 1856, Canning declared that none of descendants of last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar would be recognised as kings.

Peasants and Sepoys

  • In the countryside, peasants and zamindars resented the high taxes and the rigid methods of revenue collection.
  •  Many peassants failed to pay back their loans to the moneylenders and gradually lost the lands they had tilled for generations.
  • The Indian sepoys were unhappy about their pay, allowances and conditions of service.
  • In 1824 sepoy were told to go to Burma by sea to fight for company and crossed the sea was considered the lose of their religious and caste sentiments
  • In 1856 company passed a law that every new person take up employment had to agree to serve overseas if required.
  • Sepoys families were living in villages that angered them

Responses to reforms

• The British passed laws to stop the practice of sati and to encourage the remarriage of widows.

• English-language education was promoted.

• The Company allowed Christian missionaries to function freely and even own land and property.

• In 1850, a new law was passed to make conversion to Christianity easier and allowed an Indian who had converted to Christianity to inherit the property of his ancestors.

A Mutiny Becomes a Popular Rebellion

A large number of people began to believe that they have common enemy so people had to organise,communicate,take initiative and display the confidence.It was reflected by a massive rebellion.

 A massive rebellion that started in May 1857 in Meerut by sepoys and threatened the Company’s presence in India.

Sepoys mutinied in several places and a large number of people from different sections of society rose up in rebellion to show armed resistance to colonialism .

From Meerut to Delhi

  • On 8 April 1857, a young soldier, Mangal Pandey, was hanged to death for attacking his officers in Barrackpore.

• Some days later, some sepoys of the regiment at Meerut refused to do the army drill using the new cartridges, which were suspected of being coated with the fat of cows and pigs.

  • On 9 May 1857, Eighty-five sepoys were dismissed from service and sentenced to ten years in jail for disobeying their officers.
  •  On 10 May, the soldiers marched to the jail in Meerut and released the imprisoned sepoys.They attacked and killed British officers, captured guns and ammunition and set fire to the buildings and properties of the British and declared war on the foreigners.
  • On the 11May in morning, sepoys of Meerut reached Delhi and the regiments stationed in Delhi also rose up in rebellion.
  • The soldiers forced their way into the Red Fort and declared Bahadur Shah Zafar as their leader.
  • The ageing emperor accepted the sepoys  demand and wrote letters to all the chiefs and rulers of the country to come forward and organise a confederacy of Indian states to fight against the British
  • Most small rulers and chieftains with the hope of regaining power and authority under the Mughal emperor joined the rebellion.

All such situations gave hope, courage and confidence to people to be inspired and enthused.

The rebellion spreads

  • Regiment after regiment mutinied and took off to join other troops at nodal points like Delhi, Kanpur and Lucknow.
  • After them, the people of the towns and villages also rose up in rebellion and rallied around local leaders, zamindars and chiefs who were prepared to establish their authority.
  • Nana Sahib, adopted son of late Peshwa Baji Rao lived near Kanpur expelled the British garrison and proclaimed himself as peshwa
  • In Lucknow,Birjis Qadr, the son of deposed wajid Ali Shah was  proclaimed as Nawab.His mother, Begum Hazrat Mahal organised the uprising against Britishers.
  • In Jhansi,Rani Lakshmi Bai fought the British along with Tantia Tope, the general of Nana Shahib
  • In Mandla region of Madhya Pradesh,Rani Avantibai Lodhi of Ramgarh led an army.
  • Ahmadullah Shah,a maulvi from faizabad caught imagination of people and raised huge forces of supporters and came to Lucknow to fight against British.
  • In Delhi, large number of ghazis or religious warriors came together to wipe out the whites.
  • Bakht Khan, soldier from Bareilly became a key military leader of rebellion.
  • In Bihar,old Zamindar Kunwar Singh joined the rebel sepoy.
  • The British were greatly outnumbered by the rebel forces and were defeated in a number of battles.

The Company Fights Back

• The company brought reinforcements from England to repress the revolt, passed new laws so that the rebels could be convicted with ease, and then moved into the storm centres of the revolt.

• In September 1857, Delhi was recaptured from the rebel forces.

• Bahadur Shah Zafar was tried in court and sentenced to life imprisonment alongwith his wife Begum Zinat Mahal in Rangoon in October 1858.Bahadur Shah Zafar died in the Rangoon jail in November 1862.

• Lucknow was taken in March 1858.

• Rani Lakshmibai was defeated and killed in June 1858.

• Tantia Tope continued to fight guerrilla war in the jungles of Central India and was captured, tried and killed in April 1859 by Britishers.

• The British also tried their best to win back the loyalty of the people by rewarding loyal landlords to enjoy traditional rights over their lands.

  • Those nawabs , rulers, sepoy,rajas revolted were tried and hanged.

Aftermath

Important changes introduced by Britishers after regain control by the end of 1859.

  • The British Parliament passed a new Act in 1858 and transferred the powers of the East India Company to the British Crown to ensure a more responsible management of indian affairs.
  • A member of the British Cabinet was appointed Secretary of State with council for India and made responsible for all matters related to the governance of India.
  • Governor General given the title of viceroy i.e, personal representative of the British Crown.
  •  All ruling chiefs of the country were assured that their territory would never be annexed in future and policy doctrine of lapse was abolished.All rulers were made to acknowledge British Queen as sovereign
  •  The proportion of Indian soldiers  in the army would be reduced and the number of European soldiers would be increased.

•.   The land and property of Muslims was confiscated on a large scale and they were treated with suspicion and hostility.

  • The British decided to respect the customary religious and social practices of the people in India.
  •  Policies were made to protect landlords and zamindars and give them security of rights over their lands.

Class 8 Chapter 3 Parliament and the Making of Laws Notes

by

Parliament and the Making of Laws of class 8 CIVICS is comprehensively discussed to clear the concept of parliament and participation of the people in decision making which is an important feature of a democratic government. Class 8 Chapter 3 Parliament and the Making of Laws Notes would be helpful for the students to develop an understanding of parliament as one of the important institutions of any country.

Parliament and the Making of Laws CBSE class 8 Notes

Why should People decide?

India became independent on 15 Aug 1947.; People from various social groups joined the struggle and inspired by the idea of freedom, equality and participation in decision making.

Indian National Congress formed in 1885 demanded that there be elected members in legislature to discuss the budget and ask questions .In result, Govt of India Act 1909 allowed for some elected representatives.The demands was for all adults to vote which was not allowed by Britishers.

Experience of colonial rule and participation of different people in national struggle for freedom developed the idea of participation of people in decision making.

The demands and aspirations of freedom struggle were made concrete in the constitution of independent India that laid the principle of universal adult franchise.People and their representatives In a democracy the idea of consent i.e.desire , approval and participation of people is most important principle of a democratic government.It is the people’s approval who elect their representatives who form the government and control it.

The Role of the Parliament

Parliament is an expression of faith of the people in a democracy by the elected representatives who rule on behalf of people in decision making and govt by its consent.Election to the parliament is held as in state legislature .For this country is divided into numerous constituencies which elect one person to the parliament.Once elected,these representatives became MPs ,then these MPs together make the parliament.

Parliament consists of

1. Lok Sabha

2. Rajya Sabha

3. President

• Lok sabha has total of 545 seats ( 543 elected+ 2 nominated from Anglo Indian community)

• Rajya Sabha has 545 seats ( 233 elected+ 12 nominated)

• President has right to nominate MPs for Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha

Functions of the Parliament

1. Parliament select the National government

Ruling Party

In Lok Sabha,for any party to become a ruling party, it must have won half of the total seats to form the government (ie,272 seats)

Opposition– All the parties which are not part of the majority party or coalition formed is called opposition.

Opposition party

Any party that wins the largest seats after ruling party become the opposition party.

Coalition government

When two or more parties come together to form thegovernment,that government is called coalition government.

Executive

A group of persons who work together to implement the laws made by the parliament.

•Lok sabha elects the executive

•Prime Minister of India is the leader of the ruling party

•Prime Minister selects ministers who take charge of different ministries like health, education etc.Rajya Sabha

•Rajya Sabha function primarily as representative of the states so it is known as Council of States.It is also known as Upper House.

•MPs of Rajya Sabha are elected by the elected MLA of assemblies of the different states.

•Rajya sabha can also initiate for the bill to become a law

•Rajya sabha can review and alter the law if required initiated by Lok Sabha.

B.To control,Guide and Inform the government

•Parliament controls the executive by asking questions about the working of the government

.•It alerts the govt for its shortcomings through the opinion of elected representatives.

•Opposition parties play a critical role in the healthy functioning of a democracy.

•It highlights drawbacks in various policies and programmes and mobilise support for their own policies

•In financial matters, parliament approval is crucial for the government.

How do new laws come about?

Parliament has role in making laws.For any law to be formed,bill is initiated by either of the house (Lok sabha or Rajya Sabha).Then, bill is discussed and need approval by both houses of the Parliament and in last by President.

From establishing a need of new law to be passed, voice of the citizens through TV reports, newspaper, editorial, local meeting etc is crucial and helpful in making the work of parliament more accessible and transparent to the people.

Domestic Violence

Domestic Violence refers to the injury or harm or threat to the women by adult male usually husband against wife. Injury may be caused by physically beaten or emotionally abusing her.

Abuse of a woman is done.in various forms

•Emotional

•Sexual

•Verbal

•Economical

By the efforts of women organisations,NGOs, lawyers activists, students and nation wide campaign,a bill was introduced in 2002 and finally the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act was passed in 2005 and came into effect in 2006.

Unpopular and Controversial Laws

Parliament passes a law which is constitutionally valid and legal . Despite it,it becomes unpopular and unacceptable to people because they think that intention behind it is unfair and harmful.In democracy people can express their unwillingness to accept repressive laws made by parliament.And,if there is pressure then parliament make changes in it.

People who think that law favours one group and disregards others then they can approach the courts to declare the laws as unpopular and against the democratic rights.

The court can order to modify or cancel laws to the parliament or legislature if it finds that they don’t adhere to the constitution.

Citizen’s role doesn’t end with electing representatives, rather it criticize their actions when they feel it is required so that representatives can function properly.

error: Content is protected !!