Class 9 Economics Poverty as a Challenge Notes|Class 9 Economics Notes

3 November 202431 October 2024 by cbseexamaterial.com

Class 9 Economics Poverty as a Challenge Notes is comprehensively discussed to have clear understanding of the chapter for the students so that he/she feels confident in his exams.

Poverty as a Challenge Class 9 Economics Notes

Poverty as a challenge is an important chapter of class 9 Economics Ncert that deals with the concept of poverty,issues related to poverty, social exclusion and vulnerability to poverty, poverty line, poverty estimates at regional, national and global level in different decades, vulnerable groups,causes and Anti poverty measures and the challenges associated with this problem.

Introduction

Poverty is a multidimensional problem as it affects poor people socially, economically, physically and emotionally etc.In our daily life, we come across different people like landless labourers, people living in slums, daily wage workers in urban areas, rickshaw puller,beggers etc who could not fulfil their basic needs.

•Every 4th person in India is poor approximately 27 crores people live in poverty in 2011-12.

•India has the largest concentration of poor people in the world which is a major challenge India faces.Issues related to poverty.

Issues related to Poverty

•Landlessness, unemployment, size of families, illiteracy, poor health, child labour and helplessness are the main problem associated with poverty.

•Poverty means absence of the availability of food, shelter, health, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities,sense of security and are ill treated at almost every place.

•Mahatma Gandhi insisted that India would be truly independent only when poorest of the poor became free from human sufferings.Poverty as seen by social scientists Social scientists look poverty through various indicators like illiteracy,lack of general resistance due to malnutrition,lack of access to healthcare, lack of job opportunities, lack of access to safe drinking water, sanitation etc.

Social exclusion and Vulnerability

Social exclusion

According to this concept, people live only in poor surrounding with other poor people excluded from enjoying social equality of better off people in better surroundings.

•Social exclusion can be both a cause as well as a consequence of poverty.

•Individuals or groups are excluded from facilities, benefits and opportunities that others enjoy.

Vulnerability

Vulnerability to poverty means greater probability of certain communities (backward, widow, physically handicapped ) of becoming poor or remaining poor in coming years.It is determined by the options available to different communities for finding an alternative living in terms of assets, education, health and job opportunities.These communities are at great risk during natural disasters (earthquakes, tsunami, terrorism) etc.

Class 9 Economics Chapter 2 People as Resource Notes

Poverty Line

Poverty line is an imaginary line that is considered appropriate to decide person is living in poverty or above it on the basis of his income or consumption level required to fulfil minimum subsistence level or basic needs.A minimum level of food , clothing, footwear, fuel and light, educational and medical requirements etc are determined for subsistence.

Methods to measure poverty

It is based on two parameters

•Income level

•Consumption level

•Poverty line is based on calorie requirement that vary depending on age,sex and type of work that person does.

•Consumption:Average calorie requirement in India is 2400 calories per person per day in rural areas as people here are engaged in more physical work than urban areas where 2100 calories per person per day is required .

•Income:On the basis of income, in 2011-12, poverty line for a person in rural areas was fixed at ₹ 816 per month and ₹ 1000 for urban areas.

•The survey of poverty estimates periodically is conducted by NSSO(National Sample Survey Organisation).

•In comparison among developing countries, World Bank use a uniform standard of 1.90$ per person per day to determine poverty.

Poverty Estimates

•Decline in poverty ratio from 45% in 1993-94 to 37% in 2004-05 and in 2011-12 came down to 22%.

•Number of poor people declined from 407 million in 2004-05 to 270 millions in 2011-12.

•Average annual decline of 2.2 % during 2004-94 to 2011-12

Vulnerable Groups
Poverty is not same for all social groups and economic categories in India.

Social groups -; Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes

Economic Groups– Rural agricultural labour households and urban casual labour households

•People below poverty line belonging to SCs & STs are 29 and 43 percent .

• Casual labour in rural areas and urban areas are same which is 34 percent.

•Except STs, poverty is declined in rural agricultural labour, urban casual labour households and SCs in 1990s.

•In poor families, income inequalities is faced by some members more than others and they are women, elderly people and female infants who are denied equal access to resources available in family.

Inter State Disparities

•All India head count ratio was 21.9 percent in states like Madhya Pradesh, Assam, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Orissa had above all India poverty level.

•Two poorest states with poverty ratios of 33.7 % and 32.6%.

•Along with rural poverty, urban poverty is also high in Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.

•Decline in poverty in Kerala, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and West Bengal.

•Punjab and Haryana have succeeded in reducing poverty with the help of high agricultural growth rates.

•Kerala has focused on human resource development.

•In West Bengal,land reforms measures helped in reducing poverty.

•In Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, public distribution system of foodgrains have helped in reducing poverty .

Global Poverty Scenerio

Poverty defined by world bank as person living on less than 1.90$ per day has declined from 35 % in 1990 to 10.68 % in 2013.

•Poverty reduced in China and Southeast Asian countries due to high economic growth and huge investment in human resource development.

•No of poor in China came down from 88.3% in 1981 to 14.7% in 2008 to 1.9% in 2013.

•In South Asian countries (India, Pakistan,Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan) poverty is declined from 54 to 15 percent in 2013.

•In sub Saharan Africa, poverty reduced from 54% in 1990 to 41% in 2013.

•In Latin America, poverty declined from 16% in 1990 to 5.4% in 2013.

The new sustainable development goals of the United Nations proposes ending poverty of all types by 2030.

Causes of Poverty

•Historical reason is the low level of economic development under British colonial rule

•Policies of colonial government ruined traditional industries like handicrafts and textiles that resulted in less job opportunities and low income.

•Low level of income accompanied by high h growth of population caused per capita income very low.

•Impact of green revolution was limited to some parts of India even large population was dependent on agriculture.

•Industries in public and private sector were not enough to absorb all the job seekers.

•Unequal distribution of land and other resources during land reforms which aimed at redistribution of assets in rural areas due to improper and ineffective implementation.

•Socio- cultural and economic factors to fulfill social obligations and religious ceremonies are also responsible for indebtedness of poor people.

•Small farmers borrow money to buy inputs like seeds, fertilizers, pesticides etc and in case of crop failure became victim of indebtedness which is cause and effect of poverty.

Anti- Poverty Measures

Current anti -poverty strategy of the government is based broadly on two components.

•Promotion of economic growth

•Targeted anti -poverty programmes

Official estimates state that poverty was 45% in early 1950s remained same till 1980s and then India’ s high economic growth jumped from 3.5% to 6% that reduces poverty to 37.2 in 2004-05.

There is strong link between economic growth and poverty reduction, economic growth widens opportunities and provide resources needed to invest in human resource development.Growth in agriculture sector is much below the expectation where large proportion of population are dependent ha direct impact on poverty.

Anti -Poverty Programmes

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act,2005(MGNREGA )

•It provides 100 days of wage employment to every household to ensure livelihood security in rural areas.

•It aimed at sustainable development to address the cause of draught, deforestation and soil erosion.

•One-third of proposed jobs are reserved for women.

•Provided employment to 220 crores person days of employment.

•Share of SC,ST , women in the scheme are 23%,17% and 53%.

•As in March 2018 average wages varies from ₹281 per day (in Haryana) to ₹168 in Bihar and Jharkhand.

Prime Minister Rozgar Yojana

•Started in 1993

•Aim is to create self employment opportunities for educated unemployed youths in rural and small towns.

•Helped in setting up small business and industries

Rural Employment Generation Programme

•Launched in 1995

•Aim is to create self employment opportunities in rural areas and small towns.

•25 lakhs new jobs has been set for the Programme under 10th five years plan.

Swaranajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana

•Launched in 1999.

•Aim is to bringing poor families above poverty line by organising them into self help groups through mix of bank credit and government subsidy

Pradhanmantri Gramodaya Yojana

•Launched in 2000.

•Additional assistance is given to states for basic services such as primary health, primary education, rural shelter, rural drinking water and rural electrification.

Lack of proper implementation and right targeting and lot of overlapping of schemes caused the benefits of these schemes are not reached to deserving poor so it requires proper monitoring of all the poverty alleviation programme.

The Challenges Ahead

•Wide disparities in poverty are visible between rural and urban areas and among different states.

•Certain social and economic groups are vulnerable to poverty.

The official definition of poverty covers only minimum ‘subsistence’ level of living rather than ‘reasonable ‘level of living .

Scholars advocates that concept of poverty be broaden into human poverty.Human poverty deals with food education, health,shelter,job security, self confidence,,free from gender and caste based discrimination and child labour etc.With development,the definition of poverty changes and the challenges are more than the subsistence level of living like providing healthcare and education,job security,gender equality and dignity for the poor

Class 9 Economics Chapter 2 People as Resource Notes

3 November 202426 August 2024 by cbseexamaterial.com

Cbse class 9 Economics chapter 2 People as Resource Notes are presented in an inclusive manner so that it could cover every topic of Chapter 2 People as Resource Class 9 Economics NCERT.It would help in clear understanding of students that would be helpful in the exam preparation to achieve good scores.

‘People

‘People as Resource’ is a way of referring to a country’s working people In terms of their existing productive skills and abilities

Like other resources, population is also resource known as human resources as it possesses required skills, abilities and knowledge which are used in the production of goods and services.

Population of the country can become an asset

Human capital

Human capital is the stock of Skill and productive knowledge embodied in human.

When the existing ‘human resource’ is further developed by becoming more educated and healthy, we call it ‘human capital formation’ that adds to the productive power of the country just like ‘physical capital formation’

Investment in human capital (through education, training, medical Care) yields a return just like investment In physical capital. This can be seen directly in the form of higher incomes earned because of higher productivity of the more educated or the better trained persons, as well as the higher productivity of healthier people.

The various activities have been classified into three main sectors i.e.,

Primary, secondary and tertiary.

Primary Sector includes agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishing, poultry farming, mining and quarrying.

Manufacturing is included in the Secondary sector.

Trade, transport,Communication, banking, education,Health, tourism, services, insurance, etc.are included in the tertiary sector.

Economic Activities

The activities in this sector result in the production of goods and services. These activities add value to the national Income. These activities are called economic activities.

Economic activities have two parts —

Market activities and Non-market activities.

Market activities– It involve remuneration to anyone who performs i.e., activity performed for pay Or profit. These include production of goods Or services, including government service.

Non-market activities are the production for self-consumption. These can be consumption and processing of primary product and own account production of fixed assets

Due to historical and cultural reasons ,there is a division of labour between men and women in the family. Women generally look after domestic chores and men work in the fields

Quality of Population

The quality of population depends upon the literacy rate, health of a person indicated by life expectancy and skill formation acquired by the people of the country. The quality of the poulation ultimately decides the growth rate of the country. Literate and healthy population are an asset.

Importance of Education

It opened new horizon for him, provided new aspiration and developed values of life.
Education contributes towards the growth of society also.
It enhances the national income, cultural richness and Increases the efficiency of governance
Providing universal access, retention and quality in elementary education with a special focus on girls

Govt Initiatives in Education

Establishment of pace setting schools like Navodaya Vidyalaya in each district
Literacy rate has increased from 18% in 1951 to 85% in 2018.
Expenditure on education as percentage of GDP has increased from 0.64% in 1951 to 3.1% in 2019-20
Literacy among males is 16.1% higher than females and in urban areas 14.1 % higher than rural areas
Literacy rate in Kerala is 94% and lowest literacy rate is 62% which is in Bihar
Huge expansion of schools is diluted by poor quality of schooling and high dropout rates.

Class 9 Economics Poverty as a Challenge Notes|Class 9 Economics Notes

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan

It is a significant step towards providing elementary education to all children in the age group of 6-14 years by 2010 and is time bound initiative of central govt in partnership with states, local government and community for achieving the goal of universalisation of elementary education.

Mid Day Meal Scheme

It was implemented to encourage attendance and retention of children and improve their nutritional status of the children.

12^th Plan and education

Gross Enrolment ratio in higher education in the age group of 18 to 23 years is 27% in 2020.
Focus on increasing access, quality , adoption of state specific curriculum modification,vocationalisation and networking on the use of information technology.
Focus on distance education, convergence of formal and informal, distance and IT education.

Health

Health is an important criteria for realising one’s well being, potential and ability to fight against illness.
Our national policy too aims at improving the accessibility of healthcare, family welfare and nutritional service with a special focus on the underprivileged segment of the population.

India has developed health infrastructure and manpower at primary, secondary and tertiary sector in the government.

Life expectancy has increased to 69.4 in 2016
Infant mortality rate (IMR) has come to 36 in 2020
Crude birth rate reduced to 20.0 in 2018
Death rate reduced to 6.2 in 2018

Govt has focused on different indicators of the health includes longevity,childcare,mothercare which are indicators of the quality of life marked by self confidence.

Infant mortality rate – It means death of a child below one year of age.

Birth rate – The number of babies born for every 1000 people during a particular period of time .

Death rate – The number of people per thousand who die during a particular period of time.

Unemployment

Unemployment is said to exist when people who are willing to work at the going wages cannot find jobs.

Criteria not to considered unemployed

Out of the Working age group 15- 59
Not willing to work even in working age

Nature of unemployment

In case of rural areas,there is seasonal and disguised unemployment.
Urban areas have mostly educated unemployment.

Seasonal unemployment

Seasonal unemployment happens when people are not able to find jobs during some months of the year.

Disguised Unemployment

This usually happens among family members engaged in agricultural activity.The work requires the service of five people but engages eight people. These three people are extra and If three people arez dremoved the productivity of the field will not decline.

Educated unemployment

Educated unemployment is common phenomenon of urban areas.

Unemployment of graduate and post graduate is more than among matriculation.

Disadvantage of unemployment

Wastage of manpower resource
Feeling of hopelessness and despair among youth
Liability for the economy
Dependence on working population increases
Quality of life of an individual as well as society get affected
General decline in health status and rising dropout from school system
Indicator of depressed economy

Employment in India

A large number of people with low income and productivity are counted as employed but earning is not adequate and seems force not to sit idle irrespective of earning potential keeps them on bare subsistence level.

Employment structure in primary Sector is characterised by self employment.Disguised unemployment in agriculture sector does not reduce poverty, eventually surplus labour from village migrate to cities in search of jobs.

Agriculture is the most labour absorbing sector of the economy
India secondary sector, small scale manufacturing is the most labour absorbing
In service sector,new services are emerging like biotechnology, information technology and so on.

,Class 9 Economics chapter 2 People as Resource Notes are very helpful for proper understanding of chapter 2 class 9 Economics Ncert.

Class 9 Economics Chapter 1 The Story of Village Palampur Notes

25 September 202412 May 2024 by cbseexamaterial.com

Class 9 Economics Chapter 1 The story of Village Palampur Notes

class 9 Economics Chapter 1 The Story of Village Palampur notes deals with many economic concepts that are important for proper understanding of the economic system. It discusses about the type of economic activity and methods of farming.

Introduction

Palampur is a hypothetical village that is well developed in various aspects. It has well connected roads, transportation, one public schools, private dispensary, government primary health centres and is connected to towns for the availability of various things required for consumption. Almost 450 families of different castes live here in which 80% are high castes and other includes lower castes like scheduled caste.

Organisation of Production
Production is a complex process in which various inputs are arranged like land, labour and capital to produce output or product and services that human wants so production is organized by the arrangement of four factors of production.

The first is land and other natural resources such as water, forest and minerals
The second is labour which are of various types like unskilled, semi skilled and skilled . It depends on industry which kind of labour is required.
Third is physical capital which is subdivided into fixed and working capital
. Fixed capital – Tools,machines, buildings which are purchased and sustain for long period of time like 10 to 15 years are fixed capital and are essential base for production.
Working Capital- Production requires raw materials and money in hand to keep production process running and can be used to make payment for the purchasing of materials. It is used to increase production so that supply can be maintained according to demand.
Fourth is human capital and enterprise who put together land, labour and physical capital with his skills and knowledge.
So every production is organised by combining land, labour, physical capital and human capital which are known as factors of production.

Land
Land is a fixed natural resources means it can neither be added or substracted which provides livelihood to almost 75% people who are directly or indirectly dependent on farming. As we all know population is increasing day by day but not land . Now the question arise how production can be increased with limited land. It can be increaed either wastelands is converted into farmlands or by adopting different methods of farming.

There are two methods which are adopted to increase farm production to maintain the food requirement which are given below-Methods to increase production

1. Multicropping– When two or more crops are grown on a same piece of land during a year is known as multicropping.

2. Modern farming methods– When farming is done with HYVs seeds, fertilizers, chemical, pesticides and good good irrigation system that increase yield of a fieldf manifold.

Earlier, farming was done with traditional seeds, cow dung and other natural manure that gave less yield. The green revolution of 1960s introduced the farmers to cultivation of wheat and rice using HYVs (modern farming methods) that was tried first by the farmers if Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh that gave more field and generated a large surplus of production of wheat and rice.

Instead of traditional and simple tools, farmers bought modern farm machinery like tractors, combine, machines etc that made work simple and fast. In an agricultural year, different crops are grown in different different season that are listed below.

There are mainly two seasons- kharif and Rabi

1.Kharif – This season starts with the onset of monsoon means July when crops are sown like jowar, bajra, paddy and cotton etc. and harvested in October.

2.Rabi– This crop season generally starts with November ( winter season) in which wheat, mustard, potatoes are sown and harvested either in March and April.
A part of land is used in sugarcane production

Zaid– It is a short period of cultivation in which cucumber, melon, watermelon, and other vegetables are grown between April to june.

The main reason to grow three different crops in a year is due to well developed irrigation system which made possible for farmers to irrigate large area of land effectively. Private tube wells are installed as a result, cultivation area is increased.

Class 9 Economics people as Resource Notes

Sustainability of Land
Land is a vital natural resource so its use to be looked carefully. Presently, modern farming methods associated with the continuous use of groundwater for tubewell irrigation has reduced groundwater table and affect the quality of groundwater,use of pesticides and fertilizer have also affected soil fertility that would create environmental problems. To ensure future development in agriculture, there is a need of concern for adoption of organic methods that can sustain soil fertility.
Along with it, excessive use of chemical fertilizers can also kill bacteria and other micro organisms that maintain soil fertility. At present, farmers use heavy dose of chemical fertilizers to maintain the level of production that led to soil degradation.

Labour

Labour is second important factor of production after land. In farming, small farmers who provide labour to their own field themselves and to medium and large farmersThere are three categories of people live in villages.

1. Landless labourers( have no land) – These people earn wages by doing work in fields and paid wages either in kind or money.wages vary region to region, crop to crop, one activity to another ( like sowing and harvesting). The government set the minimum wages at ₹ 300 per day ( March 2017) but not given due to heavy competition of land.

2. Small farmers( less than 2 hectres) – These farmers cultivate land with their own effort and gave labour to medium and large farmers to earn extra money as land is not enough to meet their needs.

3. Medium and large farmers ( cultivate more than more than 2 hectres) – These farmers have large area of land and hire labour from landless labourers and small farmers for cultivation which includes sowing, weeding, harvesting at different periods of time.

Capital

Modern farming methods require a great deal of capital, so it requires money which is fulfilled by small farmers either borrowing it from large farmers who have enough saving or moneylender and traders who charge a high interest that cause farmers come in distress to repay the loan. Large and medium farmers have enough saving which is due to huge surplus of production. They keep grains for their need and surplus is sold in market that fulfil the food requirements of towns and cities.

Non farm activities
In Palampur, 75℅ people are engaged in farming and rest 25℅ are involved in non-farm activities. Non-farm activities include dairy farming, small scale manufacturing, trade and transportation etc that provides livelihood to good segment of the rural society.
Dairy Farming
Dairy is a common activity in rural families who sell milk to earn some money after selling it at milk chilling centre set up generally in village or nearby towns.
Small scale manufacturing
Generally, small scale production are carried out mainly at home or in fields that is run by their own family members and sometimes hire some labour in case of extra work.
Shopkeeper
Many people in village open a small shop that sells various daily needs items like biscuits, rice, sugar, tea, oil, toothpaste etc. Shopkeeper mainly purchase all items from wholesale market which are available in nearby towns and cities and some open small shop outer part of village where people can buy things.
Transport
Transport is a mode of communication which includes jeep, Tongawallahs, rickshawallahs, tractor, truck, Bullock cart etc that carry people and goods from one place to another and in return get paid for it. Transport provides employment to a large section of people.