CLASS 9 GEOGRAPHY

Drainage Notes Class 9 Geography

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In this article ,we have given Drainage Notes Class 9 Geography which would help students to have clear understanding of drainage, drainage basin,river system, Himalayan rivers, peninsular rivers, lakes and rivers pollution etc.Chapter 3 Drainage Notes class 9 Geography here is enough for students to have confidence to get good marks.

Class 9 Geography Drainage Notes

Drainage

Drainage describes the river system of an area.

River System

The small streams flowing from the different directions along with the main  river is called the river system of main river.

Drainage Basin

The area drained by a single river system is called a drainage basin.

Water Divide

Any upland or a mountain separating two adjoining drainage basins is known as water divide.

Drainage Systems in India

Drainage system in India is defined by the broad relief features of Indian subcontinent.On that basis the drainage systems are divided into two main groups

 the Himalayan rivers and the Peninsular rivers.

Himalayan rivers:

  • These rivers are mostly perennial, means they flow throughout the year.
  • They are fed by rainwater as well as melted snow from the high mountains.
  • Himalayan rivers have long courses from their source in the mountains .
  • These rivers form meanders, ox bow lake and many other depositional features
  • Major rivers like the Indus,Ganga and the Brahmaputra are Himalayan rivers

Peninsular rivers:

  • Peninsular rivers are seasonal, relying heavily on rainfall for their flow.
  • Most of these rivers originate in the Western Ghats and flow eastwards towards the Bay of Bengal.
  • Peninsular rivers have shorter and shallower courses.
  • Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri are peninsular rivers

The Himalayan Rivers

  1. The Indus River System
  2. one of the longest rivers hav length of 2900 km.
  3. Rises in Tibet near Lake Mansarovar and enters India through the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir form gorges.
  4. Zaskar,Nubra,Shyok and Hunza join it in Kashmir region.
  5.  In Pakistan, the Indus is joined by major tributaries including the Satluj, Beas, Ravi, Chenab, and Jhelum near Mithankot.
  6. A little over one-third of Indus basin is in the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Punjab.

Indus Water Treaty

According to the regulations of   Indus Water Treaty (1960),India can use only 20 percent of total water that is used by Punjab, Haryana and Southern and western parts of Rajasthan for irrigation.

  • The Ganga River System
  • originate as the Bhagirathi from the Gangotri Glacier and is joined by the Alaknanda at Devaprayag in Uttarakhand.
  •  It emerges from the Himalayas into the plains at Haridwar, where it begins its journey through northern India.
  •   Major rivers like the Yamuna, Ghaghara, Gandak, and Kosi are tributaries emerge from Himalayas.
  • Yamuna rises from yamunotri glaciers and flow parallel to Ganga and join it as right bank tribtutary at Allahabad.
  • Chambal, Betwa ,Ken and Son rise from semi arid and peninsular uplands are also tributaries.
  • With a length over 2500 km, the Ganga flows southeastward and bifurcates at the northernmost point of the Ganga Delta in Farakka, West Bengal.
  •  The Bhagirathi-Hooghly (distributary) branch continues southward through deltaic plains to the Bay of Bengal
  •  the mainstream flows southward into Bangladesh and join with the Brahmaputra to form the Meghna River.
  •  The Sundarbans Delta is formed by these rivers, is world’s largest and fastest growing delta and home to Royal Bengal Tiger.

Namami Gange Programme

It is an integrated conservation mission approved as flagship programme by the Union Govt in June 2014 to accomplish twin objectives of effective abatement of pollution, conservation and rejuvenation of national river Ganga.

3) The Brahmaputra River System:

  • Rises in Tibet east of Mansarovar Lake, clo to the source of the Indus and Satluj.
  •  Flows parallel to Himalayas and after reaching the Namcha Barwa (7757 m)it takes ‘U-turn’ and enter India as the Dihang in Arunachal Pradesh.
  • In Assam, the Dihang is joined by major tributaries like the Dibang and Lohit to form the Brahmaputra.
  • In Tibet, river carries smaller volume of water and less silt as it is cold and dry area.
  • Brahmaputra has braided channel in its entire length in Assam and forms riverine islands.
  • During rainy season, river overflows it’s banks causing widespread devastation due to floods in Assam  Bangladesh
  •  Barahmaputra river is known as Tsang PO in Tibet and Jamuna in Bangladesh.

Physical Features of India Class 9 Notes

Peninsular Rivers

The Water divide in Peninsular India is formed by Western Ghats .Most of the rivers flow eastwards and drain into bay of Bengal and make deltas at their mouth while Narmada and Tapi are the only long west flowing rivers form estuaries. Drainage basin area of peninsular rivers are comparatively smaller in size

West Flowing Rivers

Narmada and Tapi  are two important west flowing rivers.Apart from it, Sabarmati,Mahi,Bharathpuzha and periyar.

The Narmada Basin:

  • originates in the Amarkantak hills in Madhya Pradesh.
  • Flows in a rift valley formed due to faulting
  •  passes through the picturesque Marble Rocks near Jabalpur and plung down  steep rocks at Dhuadhar Falls.
  •  Narmada basin covers parts of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat.
  • Narmada River Conservation Mission is undertaken by Madhya Pradesh by a scheme named Namami Devi Narmade.

The Tapi Basin

  • rises in the Satpura ranges in Betul district of Madhya Pradesh.
  • Its basin covers Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, and Maharashtra.

East Flowing Rivers

The Godavari Basin

  • the largest Peninsular river, having length of 1500 km.
  • Rises from the slopes of the Western Ghats in Nasik district of Maharashtra.
  • basin covers regions of Maharashtra(50 percent of total basin area), Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, and Andhra Pradesh.
  • Largest basin area among the peninsular rivers.
  •  It is often referred to as Dakshin Ganga
  •  tributaries including the Purna, Wardha, Pranhita, Manjra, Wainganga, and Penganga.

The Mahanadi Basin

  • Originate in the highlands of Chhattisgarh.
  •  flows for about 860 km through Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Odisha.

The Krishna Basin

  • Rise from a spring near  Mahabaleshwar range.
  • have length of 1400 km make it second largest peninsular river
  • Basin area is shared by Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh.
  • Tungabhadra,Koyana,Ghatprabha,Musi and Bhima are the tributaries.

The Kaveri Basin

  • Starts from the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats
  •  Length of about 760 km passes across Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil  Nadu
  • Amravati, Bhavani,Hemavati and Kabini are the main tributaries

Some east Flowing rivers are damodar,Brahmini,Baitarni and Subarnarekha .

Fact: Jog fall, second biggest waterfall is formed by Kaveri river and hydroelectricity generated by it supplied to Mysuru, Bengaluru and Kolar Gold Field.

Lakes

Types of Lakes

Seasonal Lake

They contain water during dry season like the lake in the basin of inland drainage of semi arid regions .Sambhar Lake in Rajasthan,a saltwater lake and seasonal in nature.

Lakes in Plains

  • Meandering river forms cut off that converts into ox-bow lake.
  • Split and bars form lagoon in coastal areas
  • Chilika lake,Pulicat lake and the Kolleru lake

Freshwater Lakes

  • Formed in Himalayan region when glaciers dug out a basin.
  • Wular lake , the largest freshwater lake is formed by the tectonic activity.
  • Wular lake ,Dal lake, Bhimtal, Nainital,Loktak Lake and Barapani are freshwater Lakes

Importance of Lakes

  • Help to regulate the flow of river
  • Prevents flooding of river during monsoon
  • Help to maintain the consistent flow of water  during dry season
  • Used for generating hydroelectricity
  • Moderates the climate of the surroundings
  • Maintain aquatic life and enhances natural beauty
  • Promote tourism and provide recreation to tourists.

Role of Rivers in the Economy

  • Basic natural resource essential for various human activities
  • Attracted settlers from ancient times for settlement that developed into cities.
  • Used for irrigation, navigation, hydroelectric power generation
  • Agriculture provides livelihood to majority of the population that is possible as river a source of irrigation.

River Pollution

  • Grow demands for domestic, municipal, industrial, and agricultural purposes affect the quality of river water
  •  heavy amount of untreated sewage, industrial effluents, and agricultural runoff laden with chemicals not only degrade water quality but also the cleansing capacity of the water .
  •  Increasing urbanisation also put pressure on proper disposal of garbage.

Chapter 3 Drainage Notes

Physical Features of India Class 9 Notes

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This article has explained the chapter 2 geography physical features of India Class 9 Notes which will enhance the knowledge of students that would boost his/her confidence to achieve good grades in his class 9 Social Science.

Physical Features of India Class 9 Notes

Here,there is a comprehensive discussion of class 9 geography chapter 2 Physical Features of India which is an important part of the SST class 9 geography syllabus.In this post the different Physiographic divisions of India namely Himalayan Mountains, Northern Plains,Peninsular Plateau, Coastal Plains and Islands Groups are explained in an attractive manner that would make easy for students to understand the chapter 2 Class 9 Physical Features of India Ncert.

Chapter 2 Geography Physical Features of India Class 9 Notes

India is a vast country with varied landforms like mountains , plains, desert, plateaus and islands and  display great physical variation. From the geographical point of view, Peninsular Plateau is an ancient landmass and one of the stable land blocks.Himalayas and Northern Plains are the most recent landforms. The Himalayan mountain has  youthful topography and is unstable zone with High peaks, deep valleys and fast flowing rivers. The Northern Plains are formed of alluvial deposits and peninsular plateau is composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks with gently rising and wide valleys.

Major Physiographic Divisions

The physical features of India is grouped under the following Physiographic divisions which are given below

  1. The Himalayan Mountains
  2. The Northern Plains
  3. The Peninsular Plateau
  4. The Indian Desert
  5. The Coastal Plains
  6. The Islands

The  Himalayan Mountains

  • Geologically young and structurally fold mountains spread over northern border of India.
  • Ranges run from west to east from Indus to Brahmaputra river
  • Loftiest and rugged mountain barrier of the world.
  • Cover a distance of about 2400 Km
  • Width varies from 400 Km in Kashmir to 150 Km in Arunachal Pradesh.
  • Altitudes are greater in eastern than western half.

The Himalayas consists of three parallel ranges in its longitudinal extent

Greater Himalaya or Inner Himalaya or Himadri

 It is the most continuous range, consisting of the highest peaks with an average height of 6000 metres. The core of this Himalayan region is made of granite and folds are asymmetrical in nature.

Lesser Himalayas or the Himachal

 The rugged mountain region to the south of the Himadri is known as the Lesser Himalayas or Himachal. The altitude of this mountain range varies between 3700 and 4500 meters whereas the average width is 50 kilometres. Important ranges  like Pir Panjal, Dhaula Dhar, and Mahabharat, of which the Pir Panjal range forms the longest and the most important range exist in Lesser Himalaya. This Himalaya is famous for hill stations.

The Shiwaliks

The outermost range of the Himalayas is known as the Shiwaliks whose altitude varies between 900 and 1100 metres and extends over a width of 10-50 kilometres. The term “Duns” refers to the longitudinal valley that spans between the Lesser Himalayas and the Shiwaliks. Some of the well-known Duns is DehraDun, Kotli Dun, and Patli Dun.These valley are covered with gravel and alluvium.

The Himalayas have also been divided into regions from west to east:

  • Punjab Himalaya or Kashmir and Himachal Himalaya – between Indus and Satluj river
  • Kumaon Himalaya – between Satluj and Kali river
  • Nepal Himalaya – between Kali and Teesta river
  • Assam Himalaya – between Teesta and Dihang river

The Brahmaputra marks the eastern most boundary of the Himalayas .The Himalayas curve sharply to the south beyond the Dihang gorge and spread along India’s eastern border, known as the Purvachal, or Eastern hills and mountains. Purvachal is comprised of the Patkai, Naga, Manipur, and Mizo hills.

The Northern Plains

  • The northern plain has formed by the interplay of India’s three major river systems, namely the Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra, as well as their tributaries.
  • Formed of alluvial soil
  • Deposition of alluvium in vast basin lying at foothills of Himalayas forms this plain.
  • Spreads over an area of 7 lakhs sq km and it is 2400 km in length and 240-320 km in width.
  • With rich soil cover, favourable climate, adequate water supply,this Physiographic division is agriculturally productive and densely part of India.

Northern Plain is divided into three sections

  • Western part – Punjab Plains formed by Indus and its tributaries and is dominated by doab.
  • North-  Ganga plains extends between Ghaggar and Teesta river in Haryana Delhi,UP,Bihar, partly Jharkhand and West Bengal
  • East- Brahmaputra Plain lies particularly in Assam

According to the variation in relief features , Northern Plains is divided into four regions

  1. Bhabhar

A narrow Belt of about 8 to 16 km in width lying parallel to the slope of Shiwaliks .All rivers disappear in bhabhar.

  • Terai

South of bhabhar and streams and rivers re-emerge and create a wet,swampy and marshy land.It was a thickly forested region full of wildlife but it has been cleared for agriculture.

  • Bhanger

         Largest part of plain formed of older alluvium lies above the floodplain.The soil contains calcareous deposits known as kankar.

  • Khadar

The newer, younger deposits of floodplains that are renewed every year and are fertile so ideal for intensive agriculture

The Peninsular Plateau

  • Tableland composed of old crystalline, igneous and metamorphic rocks
  • Formed due to the breaking and drifting of the Gondwana land and is part of the oldest landmass
  • Has broad and shallow valley and rounded hills
  • consists of two broad divisions namely Central Highlands and Deccan Plateau
  • Black soil area known as Deccan trap
  • Volcanic origin so rock is igneous

Central Highlands

  • Lying to the north of Narmada river covering major area of Malwa plateau and is known as Central Highlands
  • Vindhaya range is bounded by Satpura range on the south and Aravali on the northwest
  • Western extension of highlands touches sandy and Rocky desert of Rajasthan
  • Wider in west and narrower in east
  • Chambal,Sind,Betwa and Ken flows from southwest to northeast indicating the slope

Deccan Plateau

  • Triangular landmass lies to the south of river Narmada
  • Satpura range with its broad based in north while Mahadev,Kaimur hills and Maikal range forms its eastward extension
  • An extension of this plateau is in northeast known as meghalaya, Karbi Anglong plateau and north cachar hills
  • Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats are the western and eastern edges of Deccan Plateau

Western Ghats

  • Lies parallel to the western coast
  • Have continuous and can be crossed through passes only
  • Average elevation is 900-1600 metres
  • Height increases from north to south
  • highest peaks include Anai Mudi(2695m) and Doda Betta (2697m)

Eastern Ghats

  • Stretch from Mahanadi valley to Nilgiri in South
  • Are discontinuous and irregular and dissected by rivers
  • Mahendergiri (1501m) is the highest peak in the eastern ghats
  • Shevroy Hills and Javedi Hills are to the southeast of Eastern Ghats

Indian Desert

  • Lies towards the western margin of the Aravali hills
  • Undulating sandy plain covered with sand dunes.
  • Receives low rainfall below 150 mm per year
  • Has arid climate with low vegetation.
  • Luni is the only large river in this region

Barchans( crescent -shaped dunes) cover large area but longitudinal dunes are more prominent near India- Pakistan border.

The Coastal Plains

It is a narrow strip of  plain lies between Arabian Sea and Western Ghats on the western coast known as Western Coastal Plains which are narrow and between Eastern Ghats and Bay of Bengal on the eastern coast known as eastern coastal plains which are wide and level

West Coastal Plains is divided into three parts

  • Konkan (Mumbai -Goa) Plain – Northern part
  • Kannad plain- Central part
  • Malabar Coast – southern part

East Coastal Plains

  • Northern Circar
  • Coromandel Coast

Large rivers such as Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri form large delta on eastern coast.

 Chilika Lake is the largest saltwater lake lies in Odisha to the south of Mahanadi is an important lake along eastern coast.

The Islands

India has two groups of islands

  • Lakshadweep Islands
    •  Lying close to Malabar Coast of Kerala
    • Composed of small coral islands
    • Has an area of  32 sq km
    • Kavaratti is the administrative headquarter
    • Earlier they were known as Laccadive,Minicoy and Amindive and in 1973 these were named as Lakshadweep
    • Have great diversity of flora and fauna
    • Pitti Islands,an unhabitated has a bird sanctuary

Andaman and Nicobar Islands

  • Elongated chain of islands located in the Bay of Bengal
  • Andaman lies in north and Nicobar lies in South
  • Bigger in size and are more numerous and scattered
  • These islands are elevated portion of submarine mountains
  • Lie close to equator and experience equatorial climate and has thick forest cover
  • Have great diversity of flora and fauna
The different Physiographic divisions  highlights unique features of each region.
  • Mountains are major source of water and forest wealth
  • Northern Plains are the granaries of the country and become base for civilisation
  • Plateaus are storehouse of minerals that are important for industrial development of the country
  • Coastal Plains and Islands groups provide  for fishing and port activities

The diverse physical features of land have immense future possibilities of development. Each region complement the other and makes the country rich in natural resources.

India Size and Location Class 9 Notes Geography Chapter 1

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Here, In this article we have provided the india size and location class 9 notes geography chapter 1 that is important for exams and other competitive exams.

India Size and Location Notes Class 9 Geography chapter 1

Class 9 Geography chapter 1 India size and location is important chapter of ncert. Every topic is covered deeply here to enhance your knowledge of this chapter.

Location

  • Lies in the northern hemisphere and eastern hemisphere
  • Latitudinal extent from South to North is 8°4’N to 37°6′
  • Longitudinal extent from west to east is 68°7’E to 97°25’E
  • The distance between North and South is 3214Km
  • The distance between east to West is 2933 km
  • Tropic of Cancer(23°30N ) divides the country into almost two equal parts
  • Tropic of cancer passes through 8 states namely Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram.

Size

  • India has an area of 3.28 millions square km which covers 2.4℅ landmass of the total geographical area of the world.
  • India is the seventh largest country of the world after Russia, Canada, USA, China, Brazil, Australia.
  • It has land boundary of about 15200 km and total length of the coastline including andaman & Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep is 7516.6 km.
  • It is bounded by himalayas in northwest, north and northeast and by Bay of Bengal in East, by Arabian Sea in West and by Indian Ocean in South. So, India is a peninsular country.
  • It starts to taper to South of about 22°North towards Indian Ocean.
  • The difference between the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of the mainland is almost 30°.
  • Time difference between Gujarat and Arunachal Pradesh is 2 hours.
  • Standard Meridian of India is 82°30E that lies in Mirzapur( Uttar Pradesh) which is considered as standard time for the whole country.
  • Latitudinal extent affect the duration of day and night as one moves from South to North
India and the World
  • India is centrally located between East and West Asia.
  • India is southward extension of the Asia continent
  • Trans Indian Ocean routes connect countries of Europe in West and countries of Asia in East.
  • Deccan Peninsula protrudes into the Indian Ocean that is advantageous for India to establish close contact with West Asia, Africa and Europe from western coast and with southeast and East Asia from the eastern coast.
  • Due to long coastline of India that touches Indian ocean has eminent role to got this name of ocean associated with India as Indian Ocean.
  • Opening of suez canal in 1869 has reduced the distance of 7000 Km from Europe to India.
  • India’s land routes are much older than oceanic routes as ancient travellers used to come in India through mountain passes.
  • These routes have helped in the exchange of ideas and commodities between India and other parts of the world like Ramayana, Upanishads, Indian numeral system , stories of panchtantra and decimal system.

Physical Features of India Class 9 Notes

Drainage Notes Class 9 Geography

India’s Neighbours
  • India has 28 states and 8 Union Territories.
  • According to directions, India’s neighbours
  • Pakistan and Bangladesh— Northwest
  • China, Nepal and Bhutan—– North
  • Myanmar and Bangladesh—- East
  • Sri Lanka and Maldives( Island countries) — South
  • Sri Lanka is separated from India by Palk strait and Gulf of Mannar.
  • India has two Islands- Andaman and Nicobar in Bay of Bengal and Lakshadweep in Arabian Sea.
Indian States and Capital

States Capital

  1. Uttarakhand Dehradun
  2. Himachal Pradesh Shimla
  3. Haryana Chandigarh
  4. Punjab Chandigarh
  5. Rajasthan Jaipur
  6. uttar Pradesh Lucknow
  7. Gujarat Gandhinagar
  8. Madhya Pradesh Bhopal
  9. Chattisgarh Raipur
  10. Bihar Patna
  11. Jharkhand Ranchi
  12. Odisha Bhubaneswar
  13. West Bengal Kolkata
  14. Sikkim Gangtok
  15. Assam Dispur
  16. Meghalaya Shillong
  17. Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar
  18. Tripura Agartala
  19. Manipur Imphal
  20. Mizoram Aizawl
  21. Nagaland Kohima
  22. Goa Panaji
  23. Maharastra Mumbai
  24. Telangana Hyderabad
  25. Andhra Pradesh Amravati
  26. Karnataka Bengaluru
  27. Tamil Nadu Chennai
  28. kerala Thiruvananthapuram

Union Territories Capital

  1. Jammu & Kashmir Srinagar (Summer) ,Jammu(Winter)
  2. Ladakh Leh
  3. Delhi Delhi
  4. Chandigarh Chandigarh
  5. Daman Diu Dadar Nagar Haveli Daman
  6. Puducherry Pondicherry
  7. Lakshadweep Kavaratti
  8. Andaman&Nicobar Islands Port Blair
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