Cbse class 9 Economics chapter 2 People as Resource Notes are presented in an inclusive manner so that it could cover every topic of Chapter 2 People as Resource Class 9 Economics NCERT.It would help in clear understanding of students that would be helpful in the exam preparation to achieve good scores.
‘People
‘People as Resource’ is a way of referring to a country’s working people In terms of their existing productive skills and abilities
Like other resources, population is also resource known as human resources as it possesses required skills, abilities and knowledge which are used in the production of goods and services.
Population of the country can become an asset
Human capital
Human capital is the stock of Skill and productive knowledge embodied in human.
When the existing ‘human resource’ is further developed by becoming more educated and healthy, we call it ‘human capital formation’ that adds to the productive power of the country just like ‘physical capital formation’
Investment in human capital (through education, training, medical Care) yields a return just like investment In physical capital. This can be seen directly in the form of higher incomes earned because of higher productivity of the more educated or the better trained persons, as well as the higher productivity of healthier people.
The various activities have been classified into three main sectors i.e.,
Primary, secondary and tertiary.
Primary Sector includes agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishing, poultry farming, mining and quarrying.
Manufacturing is included in the Secondary sector.
Trade, transport,Communication, banking, education,Health, tourism, services, insurance, etc.are included in the tertiary sector.
Economic Activities
The activities in this sector result in the production of goods and services. These activities add value to the national Income. These activities are called economic activities.
Economic activities have two parts —
Market activities and Non-market activities.
Market activities– It involve remuneration to anyone who performs i.e., activity performed for pay Or profit. These include production of goods Or services, including government service.
Non-market activities are the production for self-consumption. These can be consumption and processing of primary product and own account production of fixed assets
Due to historical and cultural reasons ,there is a division of labour between men and women in the family. Women generally look after domestic chores and men work in the fields
Quality of Population
The quality of population depends upon the literacy rate, health of a person indicated by life expectancy and skill formation acquired by the people of the country. The quality of the poulation ultimately decides the growth rate of the country. Literate and healthy population are an asset.
Importance of Education
- It opened new horizon for him, provided new aspiration and developed values of life.
- Education contributes towards the growth of society also.
- It enhances the national income, cultural richness and Increases the efficiency of governance
- Providing universal access, retention and quality in elementary education with a special focus on girls
Govt Initiatives in Education
- Establishment of pace setting schools like Navodaya Vidyalaya in each district
- Literacy rate has increased from 18% in 1951 to 85% in 2018.
- Expenditure on education as percentage of GDP has increased from 0.64% in 1951 to 3.1% in 2019-20
- Literacy among males is 16.1% higher than females and in urban areas 14.1 % higher than rural areas
- Literacy rate in Kerala is 94% and lowest literacy rate is 62% which is in Bihar
- Huge expansion of schools is diluted by poor quality of schooling and high dropout rates.
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Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
It is a significant step towards providing elementary education to all children in the age group of 6-14 years by 2010 and is time bound initiative of central govt in partnership with states, local government and community for achieving the goal of universalisation of elementary education.
Mid Day Meal Scheme
It was implemented to encourage attendance and retention of children and improve their nutritional status of the children.
12th Plan and education
- Gross Enrolment ratio in higher education in the age group of 18 to 23 years is 27% in 2020.
- Focus on increasing access, quality , adoption of state specific curriculum modification,vocationalisation and networking on the use of information technology.
- Focus on distance education, convergence of formal and informal, distance and IT education.
Health
Health is an important criteria for realising one’s well being, potential and ability to fight against illness.
Our national policy too aims at improving the accessibility of healthcare, family welfare and nutritional service with a special focus on the underprivileged segment of the population.
India has developed health infrastructure and manpower at primary, secondary and tertiary sector in the government.
- Life expectancy has increased to 69.4 in 2016
- Infant mortality rate (IMR) has come to 36 in 2020
- Crude birth rate reduced to 20.0 in 2018
- Death rate reduced to 6.2 in 2018
Govt has focused on different indicators of the health includes longevity,childcare,mothercare which are indicators of the quality of life marked by self confidence.
Infant mortality rate – It means death of a child below one year of age.
Birth rate – The number of babies born for every 1000 people during a particular period of time .
Death rate – The number of people per thousand who die during a particular period of time.
Unemployment
Unemployment is said to exist when people who are willing to work at the going wages cannot find jobs.
Criteria not to considered unemployed
- Out of the Working age group 15- 59
- Not willing to work even in working age
Nature of unemployment
- In case of rural areas,there is seasonal and disguised unemployment.
- Urban areas have mostly educated unemployment.
Seasonal unemployment
Seasonal unemployment happens when people are not able to find jobs during some months of the year.
Disguised Unemployment
This usually happens among family members engaged in agricultural activity.The work requires the service of five people but engages eight people. These three people are extra and If three people arez dremoved the productivity of the field will not decline.
Educated unemployment
Educated unemployment is common phenomenon of urban areas.
Unemployment of graduate and post graduate is more than among matriculation.
Disadvantage of unemployment
- Wastage of manpower resource
- Feeling of hopelessness and despair among youth
- Liability for the economy
- Dependence on working population increases
- Quality of life of an individual as well as society get affected
- General decline in health status and rising dropout from school system
- Indicator of depressed economy
Employment in India
A large number of people with low income and productivity are counted as employed but earning is not adequate and seems force not to sit idle irrespective of earning potential keeps them on bare subsistence level.
Employment structure in primary Sector is characterised by self employment.Disguised unemployment in agriculture sector does not reduce poverty, eventually surplus labour from village migrate to cities in search of jobs.
- Agriculture is the most labour absorbing sector of the economy
- India secondary sector, small scale manufacturing is the most labour absorbing
- In service sector,new services are emerging like biotechnology, information technology and so on.
,Class 9 Economics chapter 2 People as Resource Notes are very helpful for proper understanding of chapter 2 class 9 Economics Ncert.