This post has discussed the chapter 5 Industries Notes Class 8 Geography which is a part Class 8 SST.Class 8 Geography Industries Notes has covered all topics as per the latest syllabus of Class 8 Social Science.It would be very helpful for the students to be prepared completely.
Class 8 Geography Chapter 5 Industries Notes
Notes of Class 8 Geography of Character 5 Industries has covered topics like secondary activities, types of industries and their criteria, industrial regions, industrial system, distribution of industries,iron and steel industry, textiles industry and information technology industries etc.
Chapter 5 Industries Notes Class 8 SST
Secondary Activities
Secondary activities or manufacturing refers to those activities that change raw materials into products of more value to people.Industry Industry refers to an economic activity that is concerned with production of goods, extraction of minerals or the provision of services.
•Iron and steel industry (production of goods)
•coal mining Industry (extraction of coal)
•tourism industry (service provider)
Classification of Industries
Industries can be classified on the basis of
•Raw materials– agro based, mineral based, marine based and forest based
Agro based industries: These industries use plant and animal based products as their raw materials. Food processing, vegetable oil, cotton textile etc are agro based.
Mineral based industries
Mineral based industries are primary industries that use mineral ores as their raw materials. The products of these industries feed other industries.
Marine based industries
These industries use products from the sea and oceans as raw materials. Industries processing sea food or manufacturing fish oil are some examples.
Forest based industries
These industries utilise forest produce as raw materials. The industries associated with forests are pulp and paper, pharmaceuticals, furniture and buildings.
•Size –
Small scale industries and large scale industries
Small scale and large scale Industries are different on the basis of capital invested, number of people employed and volume of production.
Small Scale industries
Those industries where the products are manufactured by hand, by the artisans. basket weaving, pottery and other handicrafts are examples of cottage industry.
Large scale industries
Investment of capital is higher and the technology used is superior in large scale industries. Silk weaving and food processing industries are small scale industries Eg: production of automobiles and heavy machinery are large scale industries.
Ownership–
Public sector, Private sector, Joint sector and Cooperatives sector
Private sector industries
These are owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals. Eg- Reliance Industries
Public sector Industries
These are owned and operated by the government, such as Hindustan Aeronautics Limited.
Joint sector Industries
These are owned and operated by the state and individuals or a group of individuals. eg- Maruti Udyog Limited
Co-operative sector industries
These are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. Anand Milk Union Limited
Factors affecting location of industries
The factors affecting the location of industries are the availability of raw material, land, water, labour, power, capital, transport and market. Industries are situated where some or all of these factors are easily available.
Industrial System
An industrial system consists of inputs, processes and outputs.
•The inputs are the raw materials, labour and costs of land, transport, power and other infrastructure.
•The processes include a wide range of activities that convert the raw material into finished products.
•The outputs are the end product
Industrial Regions
Industrial regions develop when a number of industries locate close to each other and share the benefits of their closeness.India has several industrial regions like
•Mumbai-Pune cluster
•Bangalore-Tamil Nadu region
•Hugli region
•Ahmedabad-Baroda region
• Chottanagpur industrial belt
•Vishakhapatnam-Guntur belt
•Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut region
•Kollam-Thiruvanathapuram industrial cluster.
Industrial Disaster
In industries, accidents/disasters mainly occur due to technical failure or irresponsible handling of hazardous material.
Bhopal Gas Tragedy
This industrial disaster occurred on 3 December 1984 in which highly poisonous Methyl Isocyanate (MIC) gas along with Hydrogen Cyanide and other reaction products leaked out of the pesticide factory of Union Carbide. Those who survived still suffer from one or many ailments like blindness, impaired immune system, gastrointestinal disorders, etc.
Risk Reduction Measures
1.Densely populated residential areas should be separated far away from the industrial areas.
2.People staying in the vicinity of industries should be aware of athe storage of toxins or hazardous substances and their possible effects in case if an accident occurs.
3.Fire warning and fighting system should be improved.
4.Storage capacity of toxic substances should be limited.
5.Pollution dispersion qualities in the industries should be improved.
Emerging Industries
These industries are also known as ‘Sunrise industries.These include Information Technology, Wellness, Hospitality and Knowledge.
Distribution of Major Industries
Major industries are
•the iron and steel Industry
•the textile industry and
•the information Technology industry.
Older Industries – The iron and steel and textile Industry
Emerging Industries– information Technology and Tourism Industry
Iron and steel industry in world
Germany, USA, China, Japan and Russia
Textile industry is concentrated in India, Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan and Taiwan
Information technology industries
Silicon valley of Central California and the Bangalore region of India.
Iron and Steel Industry
This is a feeder industry whose products are used as raw material for other industries.
Inputs– Iron ore, coal, water, limestone, capital, site and other infrastructure
Processes – Smelting and Refining
Output – Steel
Steel
•Steel is tough and it can easily be shaped, cut, or made into wire.
•A Special alloys of steel can be made by adding small amounts of other metals such as aluminium, nickel, and copper.
•Alloys give steel unusual hardness, toughness, or ability to resist rust.
Steel is often called the backbone of modern industry.
Almost everything we use is either made of iron or steel or has been made with tools and machinery of these metals.Ships, trains, trucks, and autos are made largely of steel. Even the safety pins and the needles you use are made from steel. oil wells are drilled with steel machinery. Steel pipelines transport oil. Minerals are mined with steel equipment. Farm machines are mostly steel. large buildings have steel framework.Iron and Steel Industry in India In India, iron and steel industry has developed taking advantage of raw materials, cheap labour, transport and market.
Important steel producing centres
•Bhilai, Durgapur, Burnpur, Jamshedpur, Rourkela, Bokaro are situated in a region that spreads over four states — West Bengal, Jharkhand, Odisha and Chhattisgarh.
•Bhadravati and Vijay Nagar in Karnataka
•Vishakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh
•Salem in Tamil Nadu
Jamshedpur
Before 1947, there was only one iron and steel plant in the country – Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited (TISCO).TISCO was started in 1907 at Sakchi, near the confluence of the rivers Subarnarekha and Kharkai in Jharkhand. Later on Sakchi was renamed as Jamshedpur.
Sakchi was chosen to set up the steel plant for several reasons.
•This place was only 32 km away from Kalimati station on the Bengal-Nagpur railway line.
•It was close to the iron ore, coal and manganese deposits as well as to Kolkata, which provided a large market.
•TISCO, gets coal from Jharia coalfields, and iron ore, limestone, dolomite and manganese from Odisha and Chhattisgarh.
• The Kharkai and Subarnarekha rivers ensured sufficient water supply.
•Government initiatives provided adequate capital for its later development.
Pittsburgh
•It is an important steel city of the United States of America. The steel industry at Pittsburgh
•coal is available locally, while the iron ore comes from the iron mines at Minnesota, about 1500 km from aPittsburgh.
•world’s best routes for shipping ore cheaply – the famous Great Lakes waterway.
•Trains carry the ore from the Great Lakes to the Pittsburgh area.
•The Ohio, the Monogahela and Allegheny rivers provide adequate water supply.
Chapter 5 Industries Notes Class 8 Geography